M osquito control is an important component of malaria control strategy, although elimination of malaria in an area does not require the elimination of all anopheles mosquitoes. However, our understanding of anopheline larval ecology is limited, and the knowledge is insufficient to achieve effective vector control through the means of larval control 10. Physical control of mosquitoes in the broadest sense focuses on a the reduction of mosquito breeding sources by sanitation, b the modification of the breeding habitats to discourage mosquito breeding and to encourage the development of mosquito predators water management. Effective ways to kill mosquitoes include removing breeding grounds, encouraging predators, applying an. Ultralow volume spraying is a process of applying the minimum effective volume of an undiluted formulation of insecticide. Mosquito, any of approximately 3,500 species of familiar insects in the family culicidae of the order diptera that are important in public health because of the bloodsucking habits of the females. Mosquitoes and their control will be appreciated by all involved in the study and control of mosquitoes. Within diptera they constitute the family culicidae from the latin culex meaning gnat. The district is continually striving to enhance its efforts to effectively control mosquitoes by physical, cultural, and biological mosquito control lessening the dependency for chemical control and with the adoption of these policies and procedures this can be achieved. Initially, when modern pesticides were first introduced for control of public health pests in the. A search for alternate paradigm 91 a genus and species based approach b habitat based approach c suggestion to control mosquitoes 1. Mosquitoes are small insects equipped with a pair of wings and a mouthpiece transformed into a kind of trunk, prepared for suction there are other dipteran insects similar to mosquitoes but they do not sting, as is the case of chironomids, similar in size to the true mosquito but with very hairy antennas or the typical ones, much larger than mosquitoes.
Gouge, shujuan li, kathleen walker, chris sumner, shaku nair and carl olson introduction mosquitoes are the most important insect pests that affect the health and wellbeing of humans and domestic animals worldwide. Welcome to cdc stacks centers for disease control and. Mosquito control is a vital publichealth practice throughout the world and especially in the tropics because mosquitoes spread many diseases, such as malaria and the zika virus mosquito control operations are targeted against three different problems. It is an authoritative account of the biology and control of mosquitoes and contains a wealth of information on the bionomics, systematics, ecology and control of nuisance species and disease vectors, especially those of the european continent. Physical control, also known as source reduction, environmental manipulation, or permanent control, is one part of the districts integrated pest management ipm program. General information about mosquitoes mosquito control. Physical control, also known as source reduction or habitat modification, is another form of control utilized in the districts ipm plan. Mosquito prevention and control involves a basic understanding of their life cycle. Vector control strategies have traditionally focused on killing mosquitoes using a variety of insecticides. Chemical control alameda county mosquito abatement district. Mosquito control is a vital publichealth practice throughout the world and especially in the tropics because mosquitoes spread many diseases, such as malaria and the zika virus.
Physical control is usually the most effective of the mosquito control techniques available and is accomplished by eliminating mosquito breeding sites or modifying these. Knowledge on where mosquitoes breed and why they prefer certain water bodies over others is very important for sound mosquito control strategies. Mosquitoes have a slender segmented body, one pair of wings, one pair of halteres, three. Arthropod vectors mosquitoes 4 page toxorhynchitinae. After all, it is the adult mosquito, not the larva, that passes along diseases such as encephalitis to its human victims. Physical, chemical and biological strategies to combat. When this method is effective, it greatly reduces or eliminates the need to use other methods of control. The best way to control mosquitoes integrated mosquito management explained the perfect control for mosquitoes would protect us immediately from bites and mosquitoborne diseases, and it would be simple, inexpensive, and safe for the environment. On the other hand, epidemics of three types of encephalitis continue to occur in many parts of this country and are the most important mosquito borne diseases in. In north america and europe for example, although the vector anopheles mosquitoes are still present, the parasite has been eliminated. Chemical control of mosquitoes department of health. Characterization of mosquito breeding sites in and in the. The best way to kill and control mosquitoes is to consistently apply more than one method. Physical control the presence of vegetation and debris.
Every effort should first be made to prevent mosquito breeding through physical control activities, such as habitat source reduction or breeding site maintenance, reducing the need for chemical. Mosquitos public health and medical entomology purdue. Some methods may only target adults, while others may only target larvae. It starts from identification of the species of mosquito causing the problem. This method can be used to reduce larval mosquito sources as well as adult mosquito habitats. Chemical control refers to the use of specific compounds to either control immature mosquitoes larvicides or mature mosquitoes adulticides. This control measure can be as simple as turning over a bucket or as involved as using heavy equipment to construct a network of drainage ditches. Mosquitoes can live and reproduce inside and outside the home. Imm is based on an understanding of mosquito biology, the mosquito life cycle, and the way mosquitoes spread pathogens. In some instances, physical control by itself is sufficient to effectively reduce mosquito. Army and public health service have emphasized the point that pest mosquitoes are important to human health as their continued annoyance affects physical efficiency and comfort, mental equanimity, and the enjoyment of life. A linear programming model is presented which optimizes the mix of chemical and physical control methods. Guidelines for the surveillance of invasive mosquitoes in europe technical report iv abbreviations cdc centers for disease control and prevention, usa eden fp6 research programme emerging diseases in a changing european environment edenext fp7 research programme biology and control of vector borne infections in europe.
Cleaning up rubbish that may hold water, ditch maintenance, periodically changing birdbath water, and cleaning rain gutters are all physical control measures that. Ultralow volume is the favoured aerial spray method used worldwide for mosquito adulticide control. Mosquitoes characteristics, life cycle and control. Other mosquitoes bother people, but dont spread viruses. All aquatic forms of mosquitoes were counted and identified into genera. Mosquito control because mosquitoes are such prolific carriers of infectious diseases, preventing them from feeding on humans is considered a key global health strategy. Pdf the role of biological control of mosquitoes in. Physical control shasta mosquito and vector control. Two types of public health pesticides are utilized, adulticides which kill adult mosquitoes, and larvicides which are designed to kill immature aquatic stage mosquitoes larvae or inhibit development to adult emergence. Physical, chemical and biological strategies to combat malaria. Numerous information sources discuss mosquito biology, mosquito borne diseases, methods of personal protection, and approaches to mosquito control.
Mosquitoes and their control norbert becker springer. Morphology and systematics learning to identify mosquitoes requires considerable time and experience. Still, many people lack understanding of the biology and public health. Mosquito control activities reduce all types of mosquitoes. The vast majority of mosquito species are not involved in pathogen transmission to humans, but those that are make a. However, starting with culex molestus in italy and anopheles sacharovi in greece, mosquitos of economic and public health. Physical ontrol often is integrated with chemical or biological control in successful c ipm programs. It will especially benefit those professionals, scientists and students dealing with mosquitoes and their control on a daytoday basis. Mosquitoes and their control is a valuable tool for vector ecologists, entomologists, and all those involved with mosquito control, biology, ecology, and systematics worldwide. The control of mosquitoes using chemical insecticides is not always a sensible approach, so, alternative biological control methods, especially the use of larvivorous fishes, can play a. Ecofriendly larvivorous fish such as the top water minnow or mosquito fish gambusia affinis or the common guppy poecilia reticulate can be effectively used to control the mosquito population.
Larvicides are used to eliminate immature mosquitoes, also known as mosquito larvae. It is expensive to operate and the insecticides currently in use do not have a long residual period. Common house mosquito or northern house mosquito national. Even now, despite drugs and mosquito control, malaria claims the lives of 405,000 per year. A large proportion of our microbial and chemical control program is spent on controlling mosquito larvae. Residential mosquito control and beneficial insects ag1165. Thus, knowledge of the source or breeding habitat of mosquitoes can provide strong clues to their identification.
Many types of vector control strategies exist including physical, chemical. Metaanalysis of studies on chemical, physical and biological. The last control method is the use of federal and state registered public health pesticides to control mosquito populations. However, starting with culex molestus in italy and anopheles sacharovi in greece, mosquitos of economic and public health importance began to develop resistance to insecticides and this slowed the advances made by chemical control alone.
Chemical control chemical control refers to the use of specific compounds to either control immature mosquitoes larvicides or mature mosquitoes adulticides. Microbial and chemical control placer mosquito and vector. Physical source reduction methods were shown to be more efficient both in the short and long run. Reducing breeding areas check your property for standing water. Our mosquitotick control service reduces mosquito populations by 8090% all summer long. Physical control is usually the most effective of the mosquito control techniques available and is accomplished by eliminating mosquito breeding sites or modifying these sites to favor natural predation or to be unfavorable to mosquitoes.
It is used in areas where the mosquitoes are predominantly exophilic. Young wk ed animal parasite control utilizing biotechnology. The measures can be classified as biological, environmental physical and chemical control. With identity established, useful correlations are immediately available, such as the type of breeding. Certainly malaria has killed more people than all the wars that ever took place. This strategy can be the most effective, most economical, and safest method to control mosquitoes. The trained worker first identifies the problem species. Environmental conditions favoring longterm survival of adult mosquitoes include. Chemical control of mosquitoes placement of a larvicide briquet float to reduce mosquito populations chemical control involves the application of products designed to kill mosquitoes, either in the larval stage through physical damage or hormonal disruption, or in the adult stage through nervous system disruption. The genus of mosquitoes which lay their eggs in rafts on the water surface is.
In addition staff must be able to demonstrate knowledge of the biology and ecology of mosquitoes, to apply monitoring techniques and to establish what type of monitoring andor control measures to employ and how to evaluate the. This situation is enhanced by physical control the presence of vegetation and debris that offer the larvae partial protection from predatory fish and of mosquitoes insects. Mosquito control methods an appraisal 88 a physical measures b chemical measures c biological measures d integrated measures ipm iv. Using eparegistered mosquito repellents to protect against mosquito borne illnesses. Pupae develop into adult flying mosquitoes in 23 days.
Mosquitoes are known to transmit serious diseases, including yellow fever, zika fever, malaria, filariasis, and dengue. Only those pesticides registered by the united states environmental protection agency and california environmental protection agency are used by the district for mosquito control. Alternative mosquito control methods centre for health protection. The adult females do not feed on blood but only on nectar and other plant juices. For example, mosquito control officers will know which ponds breed the most mosquitoes, so they can target prevention and control measures. What state and local mosquito control programs do why is local mosquito control important.
Pdf mosquitoes represent the major arthropod vectors of human. Thus this module can only give a framework on which the reader can build by both reading further and examining mosquito specimens. The best known fish are gambusia affinis and lobister reteculatus. Physical control is usually the most effective of the mosquito control techniques available and is accomplished by eliminating, or significantly reducing, mosquito breeding sites. The word mosquito formed by mosca and diminutiveito is spanish for little fly. The environmental variables, chemical and physical characteristics were. They are unusually large mosquitoes with metallic coloured scales and the proboscis is strongly curved downwards. Mosquitoes alternate spelling mosquitos comprise a group of about 3,500 species of small insects that are flies order diptera. Economic evaluation of mosquito control and narrow. Mosquito repellents have been widely used to deter mosquito bites as an integration measure to combat mosquito bites or malaria infection. Physical control, sometimes referred to as source reduction, is a critical component of an integrated mosquito management plan.
Materials we use to control mosquitoes fall under two categories. Life history mosquitoes have four distinct stages during their life cycle. Crampton jm, eggleston p 1992 biotechnology and the control of mosquitoes. Programs that concentrate only on adult mosquitoes are attempting to solve a problem that has gotten out of hand. The entire life cycle, from an egg to an adult, takes approximately 810 days. Mosquitoes are well known as annoying biting pests and vectors of diseasecausing agents to humans and other animals. Physical control the presence of vegetation and debris that.
Mosquitoes characteristics, life cycle and control measures. Conversely, it may be complex, requiring a detailed plan. However, starting with culex molestus in italy and anopheles sacharovi in greece, mosquitos of. One of the safest and interesting methods in mosquito control is the use of biological agents that eat or destroy the larvae. Physical control of mosquitoes physical ontrol may be as c simple as shutting off the flow of irrigation water at the optimum time to prevent standing water. The likelihood of disease transmission can be reduced through the use of mosquito repellent, long clothing that covers the arms and legs, screens in open doors and windows, and. Second, mosquito larvae and pupae are vulnerable to mosquito control compounds, see extension entomology publication e52w mosquito management by trained personnel, that cover the water surface and prevent them from acquiring oxygen. From each collection site, mosquito larvae were transferred into separate vials, killed by gently heating and preserved in 70% alcohol.
Mosquito control requires knowledge of the behavioral and habitat differences among species in order to plan and carry out a treatment program. Fortunately control programs and climate have now reduced these diseases to a minor or historical importance in the united states. In an article published in the journal of the american mosquito control association in 1996, authors mount, terry and haile report that small. Mosquito repellents are substances applied to clothing. It is a long lasting form of control and a system that, when properly designed, has a life expectancy of 20 years or longer. It accomplishes control by incorporating physical control digging ditches and ponds in the marsh and biological control fish live in the ditches and ponds and eat mosquito larvae.
Biological and physical control placer mosquito and vector. Environmental management through reduction or removal of mosquito breeding sites has often been used alongside chemical or microbiological ovicides, larvicides, and pupicides 1,2,3,4 in areas where endemic mosquitoborne diseases occur. Surveillance on the breeding of the target species is being conducted regularly. Environmental physical approach is the core for controlling the mosquito supplemented with biological and chemical control methods.
The use of chemicals must form part of a larger integrated approach to mosquito management and should not be considered a standalone control strategy. Worms and elephants, mosquitoes and eagles, plankton and whales display a variety of activities on the land, in the air. Integrated mosquito management approach should be adopted for getting an effective and efficient control on mosquito with minimal impact on the ecological system. These surface films do not affect natural enemies of mosquitoes that utilize dissolved oxygen, and thus such. Mosquitoes of the world johns hopkins university press books.
Manual the biology and control of mosquitoes in california. Biological and physical control placer mosquito and. To control mosquito populations and help prevent the spread of diseases they can carry, learn how to prevent mosquitoes by. In the deeper water, permanent water mosquitoes may breed. First, we remove or treat any potential breeding locations, then we exterminate active adults with a fogging treatment, finally we reduce or remove areas for mosquitoes to hiderest in like long grass.
Additional information on integrated mosquito management can be found in the publication titled the best way to control mosquitoes. Notwithstanding the potential of many fungi as mosquito control agents, only a handful have been commercialized and are marketed. In general, vector control can be carried out, using a chemical, physical, biological, or an integrated approach, and the components of this system include entomological surveillance, source reduction or environmental management, biological control, chemical control, with the use of insecticides and repellents. Physical control the physical control aspect of our integrated vector management program works to eliminate mosquito development sites. The process of ecological liberation and domination manifestations of life depend on a continuous interplay of natural forces. To control mosquitoes effectively, it helps to understand their life cycle, to be able to identify the various kinds of mosquitoes, and to know what steps work best for the different species and specific locations. Integrated mosquito management approach should be adopted for. It will especially benefit those professionals, scientists and students dealing with mosquitoes and their control on.
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